نوع خاک زمین در عملیات خاکبرداری

 Classification of Soils for Excavations

البته این طبقه بندی بیشتر به منظور تامین ایمنی در حین خاکبرداری می باشد :

 

The soil classification system means a method of categorizing soil and rock deposits in a hierarchy of Stable Rock, Type A, Type B, and Type C, in decreasing order of stability.

  1. Stable rock means natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact while exposed.
     
  2. Type A means cohesive soils with an unconfined, compressive strength of 1.5 ton per square foot (tsf) (144 kPa) or greater. Examples of cohesive soils are: clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam and, in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam. Cemented soils such as caliche and hardpan are also considered Type A. However, no soil is Type A if:
     
    1. The soil is fissured; or
    2. The soil is subject to vibration from heavy traffic, pile driving, or similar effects; or
    3. The soil has been previously disturbed; or
    4. The soil is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation on a slope of four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V) or greater; or
    5. The material is subject to other factors that would require it to be classified as a less stable material.
  3. Type B means:
     
    1. Cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) but less than 1.5 tsf (144 kPa); or
    2. Granular cohesionless soils including: angular gravel (similar to crushed rock), silt, silt loam, sandy loam and, in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam.
    3. Previously disturbed soils except those which would otherwise be classed as Type C soil.
    4. Soil that meets the unconfined compressive strength or cementation requirements for Type A, but is fissured or subject to vibration; or
    5. Dry rock that is not stable; or
    6. Material that is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation on a slope less steep than four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V), but only if the material would otherwise be classified as Type B.
  4. Type C means:
     
    1. Cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) or less; or
    2. Granular soils including gravel, sand, and loamy sand; or
    3. Submerged soil or soil from which water is freely seeping; or
    4. Submerged rock that is not stable, or
    5. Material in a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation or a slope of four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V) or steeper.

نقل از :

http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/validated/id194/id194.html